The project 'Current Conceptual Challenges in Accounting and Taxation' aims to explore and address in detail the challenges faced by current accounting and tax systems. Currently, the accounting and tax field faces several significant challenges that affect small businesses, large corporations, and even the government. One of the key problem areas is the accounting fraud risk, which is a growing threat to the integrity of corporate financial systems and entire economies. A second perennial problem is the complexity of the Czech Republic's tax system, including tax relief. The aim is to identify and analyze these key challenges and propose innovative solutions to overcome them, which could lead to increased transparency, fairness, and efficiency in accounting and tax systems.